20
20
25
25
30
30
35
35
40
40
45
45
50
50
55
55
60
60
65
65
70
70
80
80
Age
Age
Increase in
probability of
infections
Heart failure
Fibrosis
Deterioration of
nutrition of
cells
Accumulation of
glycated
proteins
Hypothalamus
hypotrophy
Accumulation of
lipid-protein
crosslinks
Nonhomologous
recombination
Decline in
impact of
sympathetic
nervous system on
the heart
Deterioration of
toxins
removal
Decline in cell
functions
Decline in the
process of
synthesis of
collagen and
elastin
Atrophy of the
lung alveoli
Chronic
generalized
lingering
inflammation
Accumulation of
amyloid
fibrils
(amyloid beta)
Immunodeficiency
Coronary
Atherosclerosis
Decline in the
number of
asinus
(alveolar)
X-syndrome
Age-related
changes in the
liver
Oncogenesis
(malignant and
benign
tumors)
Hypotrophy of
adrenal glands
Loss of the
elasticity of
lung tissue
Tissue
hypotrophy
Pneumonia
Incomplete
digestion of food
Changes of the
physical and
chemical
properties of the
membrane
matrix
Decline in
protein
synthesis
Hypoxia
Accumulation of
denatured
proteins
Breast Cancer
Spleen
atrophy
Decline in
physical
performance
Accumulation of
protein
aggregates
Decline in
activity of the
functional
elements of
fabrics
Type II
diabetes
Proliferation of
smooth muscle
cells
(inflammation)
Loss of
mobility
Point
mutations
Decline in
number of
B-lymphocytes
that are
responsible for
specific
reactions
Inhibition of the
proteasome
Pressure
ulcers and
atrophy
Increase in the
production of FSH
(Follicle
Stimulating
Hormone) and LH
(luteinizing
hormone)
Heart
insufficiency
Reducing the
speed of
reflexes
Reduction of
number of
T-helper cells
Cardiac
insufficiency
Castle factor no
longer
converts B12
vitamine
Increase in
activity of
parathyroid
hormone
Damage to
T-cells
Increase in
secretion of
prolactin
Dysregulation of
various
systems of the
organism
Obesity
Myocardial
infarction
Renal
insufficiency
Decline in the
number of
circulating
immune
complexes
Bony spikes
Production of
inflammatory
cytokines
Alveoli are
connected to each
other
Decline in
functional
activity (of
tissues,
organs,
systems)
Senile
infirmity
The
accumulation of
nonfunctional
proteins
Sarcopenia
Decrease in
secretion of
thyroid
hormones
Reduced
serotonin
Reduction of
insulin
production
DNA damage
Formation of
malonic
aldehyde
Hypotrophy of the
endocrine part
Reducing the
number of
functional
cells
Damage of the
mitochondrial
membranes
Multiple
sclerosis
Increase in the
number of
collagen
fibers
(between
cells)
Ca leaching from
the bones
Prostate
cancer
Decline in
secretion of
IGF-1
(Insulin-like
growth
factor-1)
Growth of
amyloid
plaques
Some SFC
Weakening of the
stem cells pool due
to homing
disruptions
Decline in the
rate of cell
division
Chromosomal
aberrations
Accumulation of
lipofuscin
Formation of foam
cells
Lung cancer
Alzheimer
disease
Decline in
estrogen
production
Anemia
Decline of the
potassium level
Crosslinks
Osteochondrosis
Hypertension
Deterioration of
myocytes
Decrease of cell
proliferation
???
The
accumulation of
nonfunctional
proteins
Accumulation of
damage in
myocytes
Blocking
proliferation
signals
Excess
activation of
proto-oncogenes
Emergence of
unsuppressed
cancer cell foci by
immune system
Genetically
determined
factors
Hypoplasia of the
tissues
Degradation of the
extracellular
matrix in
cartilage
Degradation of the
extracellular
matrix in the skin
Renal
insufficiency
Changes in the
receptor
sensitivity of
cell
Genomic
instability
Decline in
norepinephrine
secretion
Growth factor
blocking
Formation of
signal of
double-stranded
break of the DNA
Damage to the
endothelium
Decline in the
number of
myocytes
Decline in the
production of TSH
(thyroid-stimulating
hormone)
Loss of
telomere
covering
proteins
(TRF2)
Rheumatism
Various mtDNA
damage
Uremia
Bad homing
Telomere
shortening
Abnormal
chromatin
Replicative
aging
(permanent
cessation of
mitosis)
Deterioration of
the
microcirculation
in the
pancreas
Decline in
c-complement
synthesis
Loss of the
regenerative
potential of
satellite cells
Changes in the
permeability of
the alveolar wall
Inflammatory
reactions in the
tissues
Decreased vital
capacity of
lungs
The immune
system can not
extinguish all
inflammations
Deceleration of
regeneration
Stroke
Hypotrophy of
epiphysis
Increase of
probability of
fractures
Compaction of
membrane
Increase in the
secretion of
vasopressin
Infringement of
functions of
cells
Decrease in the
secretion of
dehydroepiandrosterone
Compression of the
organ
Accumulation of
defective
collagen
Deterioration of
work of
ensemble of
cells
Damage to the
nuclear lamina
Hypoxia (of
varying
degrees)
Hypotrophy of
thyroid
Development of
ROS, free
radicals and
other active
molecules
Emergence of
defective
mitochondria
Epigenetic
disturbances
(cross-linking of
DNA-protein, DNA
demethylation)
Accumulation of
misfolded
proteins
Arthritis
Transposition of
mobile
genetic
elements
8-oxo-2'deoksiguanozin
in the
promoter and
enhancer DNA
regions
Osteoporosis
Hypotrophy of
gonads
Deterioration of of
cognitive
abilities of
brain
Reduction of the
number of
intercellular
connections
Prostatic
hypertrophy
Chemical
mutagens
Adverse change in
the
extracellular
matrix
Deterioration of
tissue
nutrition
Mitotic
catastrophe
Increase in
parathyroid
hormone
secretion
DNA-DNA
crosslinks
Cell volume
reduction
Adverse change in
the
constitutive
expression of
genes
Parkinson's
Disease
Decline in the
number (and
quality) of
adhesion
receptors
Decline in the
number and
quality of the
ribosomes
Formation of
atherosclerotic
plaques
Miscoordination of
the nervous
system
processes
Decreased
secretion of sex
hormones
(testosterone,
estradiol,
progesterone)
Disruption of
metabolite
transport
across
membrane
Smoking
Decline in
production of
ACTH
(Adrenocorticotropic
hormone)
Respiratory
insufficiency
Reduced
elasticity of
blood vessels
CHD
Skin aging
Impairment of the
inducible gene
expression
Immune system
cells do not have
time to
eliminate the
violation
Pulmonary
insufficiency
Abnormal daily
rhythm of
secretion of
neuropeptide Y
Integration of
retroviruses in
DNA
Increase in the
number of
aldehydes
Decline inf the
assimilation of
calcium and
vitamin D in the
intestine
Accumulation of
oxidized
proteins
Decline in the
activity of the
enzyme system
Decline in
secretion of
thyroid
hormones
Reduced
synthesis of
calcitriol
Hard UV
radiation
Nonperforming
protein
components of
antioxidant
systems (FAS does
not work
properly)
The death of the
organism
Decreased
secretion of
melatonin
Blocking of the
replication
forks
Mutations in
mtDNA
The
accumulation of
fatty acids in the
blood
Decline in the
number of
neurons
Strengthening of
the
autoimmune
response
Formation of
alkylated bases
Reduced
nutrition of
cells
Reducing the
number of
capillaries
Various
pathologies
(intestinal
intoxication)
Increased
activity of AMC
Reduction of
number of
entities of
T-lymphocytes
(hypoplasia)
Senile
changes in
tissues
Degradation of the
extracellular
matrix in
tendons
Menopause and
Andropause
Suppression of
autophagy
Overfilling in
lysosomes
Suprathreshold
temperature
Lack of
insulin
High glucose
tolerance
Reduced ATP
production (in
some cells)
Hypotrophy of
tissue
Adiposis
Increased
lprobability of
falling
Lipid
peroxidation in
membranes
Reduced
synthesis of
ribosomal RNA
Increase in
intercellular
distance
Accumulation of
carbonylation
protein
Increase in
peripheric
vascular
resistance
Decrease in the
conductivity of
nerve fibers
Decrease in bone
mass
Myocardiopathy
Reduced
synthesis of mRNA
Increased
levels of Ca in the
blood
Appearance of
defective cells
Reduced
generation of Q10
Ionizing
radiation
Permanent
overeating
Hypoplasia of
muscle tissue
Accumulation of
cellular
debris
Hypotrophy of the
muscles of the
chest
Loss of
division of
epithelial
cells
Insufficient
turnover
Hypotrophy of the
endocrine part of
pancreas
Some
decrease in the
functionality of
cells
Atrophy of the
reticular cells of
the thymus
Hypoplasia of the
tissues
Change of
selective
conduction of
metabolites
Reduction of
adaptive
response
Loss of
elasticity of the
walls of
pulmonary
alveoli
Decline in
secretion of
various
neurotransmitters
Raise of basic
level of
glucose
Hypotrophy of
neuroendocrinal
nodes
Decreased
expression of
components of
repair
systems
Growth of
putrefactive
flora
Reducing the
number of
active copies of
DNA encoding
ribosomal RNA and
proteins
Deterioration of
the signal
transmission
Decline in the
amount of
information
molecules
Accumulation of
extracellular
debris
Decreased
secretion of
growth
hormone (GH)
Increase in ROS
Permanent
illumination
In glands in
muscles in
osteoblasts in
fibroblasts
(matrix) in the
immune system
Damage to
mitochondrial
enzymes
Parietal cells are
attacked by the
immune system
Presentation of
wrong
antigens
Reduction of
motor
activity
NUMT -
pseudogenes
Lung
emphysema
p53-dependent
irreversible
mitotic delay
Deterioration of of
blood
circulation
Decreased
activity of heat
shock
proteins
Deterioration of
the
microcirculation
in
biological
fluids
Decline in
assimilation of
vitamins BDCE
Change in
hormone and
other
signaling
factors
receptors
sensitivity
Sticking with
amyloid
Accumulation of
protein
crosslinks
Chronic
infections
Hypotrophy of
organ
Changes in the
structure of
apolipoprotein
(LDL)
Hypotrophy of
bone marrow
Abnormal cell
metabolism
Immune system
perceives these
cells as alien
Decrease in the
number of
intracellular
components
(mitochondria,
ribosomes)
Hypotrophy of the
anterior
pituitary
Telomere
shortening, loss of
T-loops
Breaks of DNA
strands
Penetration of
lipid oxides and
fibrin and
platelets in the
subendothelial
space
Decrease in
membrane
permeability
Growing
proportion of the
connective
tissue in the
cartilaginous
basis of the
trachea,
bronchus and lung
Depression
Increase in
secretion of
glucocorticoids
Abnormal gas
exchange of CO2 and
O2
Change of the
threshold of
sensitivity in the
center of
appetite of the
hypothalamus
Destruction of the
sympathetic
endings
Age-switching
activity of
different
subunits of
proteasomes
The
oxidation of
elastin
Reduction of the
permeability of
the
intercellular
space
Micronutrient
deficiency
Abnormal of
cerebral
circulation
Production of
metalloproteinases
Increase in the
production of
gonadotropin
Overfilling of
macrophages by
lipid oxides
Autoimmune
diseases
Age-related
hypovitaminosis
Temporary
adaptive
cessation of
mitosis
Increase in
fraction of the
proteasome
subunits with
reduced
activity
Change of level of
arterial
pressure
Legend
– immune system
– nervous system
– hormones
– metabolic system
– connective tissue
– cardiovascular system
– respiratory system
– cancer
– intersystem links
Authors
– Medvedev D.A.
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
– Artyhov I.V.
Institute for the Biology of Aging
– Kaurov B.A.
Russian State Scientific and Clinical Center
– Krementsova A.V.
Institute of Biochemical Physics
– Moskalev A.A.
Komi Institute of Biology
– Mamaev V.B.
Institute of Biochemical Physics
– Pasyukova E.G.
Institute for Molecular Genetics
– Sarvilina I.V.
Novomedicina
– Valeriya Pride
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
– Ejov M.D.
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
– Ilyin P.A.
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
– Zimin E.A.
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
– Lokk A.N.
Research Center for Advanced Technologies
Version 62.0
2008-2014 Research center for Advanced Technologies.
http://sciencevsaging.org
Author of the idea: Medvedev D.A.
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